Functional materials are advanced materials specifically engineered for particular purposes due to their unique intrinsic properties. They are widely used in electronic devices for applications such as magnetic, magnetocaloric, magnetoelastic, spintronic, optical, catalytic, thermometric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and dielectric functionalities. These materials play an essential role in energy-efficient systems, sensing, energy conversion, actuation, and computation. A key feature of functional materials is their ability to respond to various external stimuli, including electromagnetic radiation, mechanical stress, temperature changes, magnetic fields, and electric fields. This tunability makes them highly versatile, enabling a broad range of applications across technology and industry.
