The volume presents 20 contributions from two colloquia held as part of the DAAD Southern European Dialogue in Göttingen in June 2022 and Palermo in October 2022 under the direction of the editors and Aurelio Burgio. An introduction by the editors is followed by papers on an overview of demography and archaeology, methods and problems of archaeological proxy data for population dynamics, archaeological demography north and south of the Alps, a diachronic comparison of early populations, three case studies on the demography of Sicily, population estimates for Boeotia, and Attic funeral reliefs as a source for the demography of Athens. Other topics include extra-urban settlement structures and demography, demographic change in Lycia, the research project "Roman Empire of 2000 cities", population numbers and proportions in Republican colonies in Italy, the demography of Roman rural landscapes, the demographic crisis in Early Medieval Northern France, the demography of Halaesa and its surrounding area, the population of Soluntum in the 6th/5th century B.C., and the demography of the Carini Plain in the Late Roman and Byzantine periods.