The provision of drinking water of adequate quality and quantity remains major public health and utter necessity in many districts of Thar desert, Rajasthan, India, where water borne diseases like, acute gastrointestinal illness (AGII) continue to cause extensive morbidity and mortality. The main aim of the study is to evaluate risks and factors attributable to drinking water and health parameters of locals. The book covers seven chapters. Chapter I comprise the introductory part describing the global perspective of water, health and sanitation. Chapter II covers the description of water sources, topography of studied area and assessment of pathogenic bacterial community. Chapter III include ground water quality analysis of Thar Desert Chapter IV summarizes the limnological and microbiological quality aspects of all nature of rain water harvested sources, whereas chapter V contains disease surveillance and health status observation. Chapter VI incorporates DALY estimation and Chapter VII consists of conclusion and recommendation part and references. This book is sure a key for not only water quality status but also for health, hygiene and sanitation aspects of Thar Desert, India.